Project Managment

RURAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
The needs of human beings are increasing gradually due to the population growth and other causes. Various activities have to be managed and implemented to supply the needs of people. In course of supply different goods and services, various programs have to be implemented regularly. At present, rural development has been important issue for all types of the economy. Government has made and implemented various project to cope with the different issues.
MEANING OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT
            Human wants were limited at the beginning state of civilization. Because of limited population, limited economic activities were sufficient to manage food and other requirements. But population increased in course of time. Government started to manage the different projects as per requirement of the economy.
Various scholars started to discuss the project and its management process. In this course, scholars started to explain the project management.
According to Harold Kerzner,
                                    “Project management is the planning, organization, directing and controlling of company resources to complete specific goals and objectives.
In same way, T.R Banga has defined it as:
According to T.R Banga,
“Project management has two things: a management arrangement and a system of management techniques.

In conclusion, the features or elements of project management can he mentioned as given below:
1.      Project management is objective oriented.
2.      Project management is oriented to the adjustment.
3.      Project manager is responsible for this.
4.      Project management is the group efforts.
5.      Project management gives important to functional coordination.
6.      Project management includes planning and control.
7.      Project management remains within the limitations of fixed budget, time, and quality.
8.      Project management is under the effect of the maximum utilization of resources.
9.      Project management includes sectoral management, time management, change management, change management, cost management, cost management, quality management, human resources management, conflict management, risk management etc.

DEFINATION OF PROJECT
                                            Necessities of human beings are beings are different in nature. These necessities are changing with the time. Human beings are always effortful to meet their needs through different way and methods. As a result of such efforts, they began to operate diverse types of project to meet the needs. Due to such diversities, meaning of project is also vague or board. On the basis of the nature of projects operated in different countries and their context, different economist have defined project as follows;

According to S. Chaudhary,
                                           “A project starts from scratch with a definite mission, general activities involving variety of human and nonhuman reason all directed towards fulfillment of the mission and stops once the mission is fulfilled.” 

According to Encyclopedia of management,
                                         “Project is an organization unit dedicated to the attainment of goal-the successful completion of a development project on time, within budget, in conformance with predetermined program specification.”

According to United Nation Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
                                         “A project is a proposal for all investment to create, expand and develop certain facilities in order to increase the production of goods or services in a community during a certain period of time.”

IMPORTANCE OF PROJECT
The concept and system of project was developed with the increase of human needs. Higher the need of people, higher the number of projects. In this sense, projects are directly or indirectly related with the fulfillment of wants and needs of people. The important of such projects is also increasing with the increase in wants and needs. Such projects directly or indirectly can have positive effect on social and economic development. So, establishment and operation of project are given more importance. The importance of project can be mentioned as follows:-
1.      Proper identification of problems
2.      Timely completion of work
3.      Team speed / spirit
4.      Maintaining quality
5.      Utilization of resources
6.      Co-ordination

1.      Proper identification of problems
Different problems exist in rural areas. The rural people are compelled to live their difficult life. Efforts are made to identify such problems and solve them through implementation of project. If the problems are correctly identified, they can be solved. Formulation of project and implementation becomes problem centered. Operation of certain project for solving certain problems helps to identify more other problems and prepares foundation for implementation of additional projects. This helps to continue the process and chain of rural development

2.      Timely completion of work
Project is operated to meet certain objective. Its working method and system are also of especial nature. Generally, such work is performed with scientific system. As project is operated with the proper management of means and resources work can be completed in time. As a result, the concerned persons get fruits of such project.

3.      Team speed/ spirit
                                     A project is conducted by certain group of specialists and experts of different sectors of the economy. Every work of the project is performed with certain skill and expertise with team spirit. As a result, work can be completed in time according to the objectives. As a project is conducted with certain objective to meet certain needs, it becomes possible to increase people’s participation. All the persons work in team speed and spirit and thus means and resources are properly utilized. This makes possible to enhance social and economic development in rural areas.

4.      Maintaining quality
                                 A project is operated to achieve certain objective or produce certain goods or services. In a project, provisions are set to complete any work meeting the standard. Arrangement of monitoring and analysis is made for finding out real condition of performance. Quality and standard of work or performance cannot decline due to regular monitoring and analysis. As certain team works and finishes it in time and specialists and experts are involved in using means and resources, it becomes possible t produce quality goods or services. The availability of quality goods and services makes rural development possible.

5.      Utilization of resources
                                A project is operated to fulfill the necessity of certain areas. While making a development plan, detail description of the means and resources available in the area is taken. The facts how many resources are available, how can they be utilized, how to increase people’s participation to utilize them etc. are decided through wide discussion. The limited resources can be utilized to get maximum benefit. Proper utilization of resources is very important since they are limited whereas needs and wants of the people are unlimited in the rural areas.

6.      Co-ordination
                             From identification and selection of any project, wide discussions and interactions are held on different aspects of it. The facts how and in what ways a certain project is related with different sector of the economy, how it can contribute to social and economic development of the rural area etc. are identified. Their interrelationship is found out. Different projects are studied at a time and efforts are made to find out their common aspect. Degree of their interdependency and situation is found out and maintains that coordination among them. All these efforts makes possible to develop rural areas in a coordinated manner.







FEATURES OF PROJECTS
A Project is mainly a temporary organizational effort. Adjustment of different means and resources is made in order to achieve certain objectives and different activities are conducted accordingly. On the whole, the features of a project can be mentioned in points as follows-
  1. Specific objectives
  2. Constraints
  3. Team work
  4. Fixed life span
  5. Unique nature
  6. Complexity
  7. Coordination
  8. Flexibility
  9. Resources integration
  10. Temporary
  11. Consumers’ oriented
  12. Operation by contract
  13. Planning and control
  14. Optimum utilization of resources

1.      Specific objectives
                                Project has certain/specific objective. Different human and nonhuman means and resources are used for the achievement of the objective. All the activities are directed towards the achievement of the objective.
2.      Constraints
                              Project is bound to time. Predetermined objectives should be achieved within certain time. The amount of budget remains limited for the quantity and quality of the goods or services to be achieved are predetermined.
3.      Team work
                                The return of a project depends on teamwork. Different persons of related fields perform teamwork for the operation of the project. They apply their experiences to achieve certain objective.


4.      Fixed life span
                              Project is completed within certain time. Long or certain time may need to complete project. But project cannot be endless.
5.      Unique nature
                           Project contains special nature. As it has certain objective and arrangement, and means and resources are made accordingly for the achievement of the objective, there may be dissimilarity among various projects. Standard or yardstick of one project may be totally useless for other project. 
6.      Complexity
                            Complex tasks remain intertwined in project. Complex jobs such as technological survey, selection of proper technology, management of machine and equipment, management of appropriate manpower, management of financial resources, preparation of operating timetable and implementation, harmony of all for the achievement of the objective etc. are included in a project.
7.      Coordination
                                Operation of a project depends on coordination. Operation of a project becomes systematic only if coordination is maintained among different elements and programs arranged for the achievement of objective. Efforts are made towards achievement of the objective by coordinating and activating expert manpower of different sectors.
8.      Flexibility
                               A project is operated in a dynamic environment. As time is changing, adjustment with each change is necessary. For this, programs of any project should be flexible. Change may come in them according to time and necessity.
9.      Resources integration
                              Different resources are needed for the operation and achievement of objective of a project. Human resources, financial resources, other physical resources etc. are integrated for the achievement of a project objective.
10.   Temporary
                              Project is a temporary organization. It is operative for certain duration. It ends after the objective is achieved.


11.  Consumers’ oriented
                              A project is consumer oriented. Its objectives are to produce goods, services according to the need of consumers and satisfy their wants. Production of any goods or services, traditional or modern, is directly or indirectly directed by consumer, wants.
12.  Operation by contract
                           Any type of project, small or big, is operated according to certain contract. Contract is made and implemented for full or partial completion of any work on basis of the nature of project and the condition of expert and budget.
13.  Planning and control
                            A project is operated in planned manner. Functions of project are controlled by certain framework and standard. Project operation is not let to go beyond the specified limit nor stop before reaching the objective.
14.  Optimum utilization of resources
                           Every project gives emphasis on optimum utilization of resources. Means and resources are limited with a nation or a person. More and more people should be benefited from optimum utilization of such limited resources. So, every project gives emphasis on optimum utilization of means and resources.

REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL PROJECT
Different projects and programs should be implemented and operated for rural development. Needs and wants of rural communities are different. Different project are needed to be implemented to meet them. It becomes necessary to create proper environment for the implementation, operation and completion of project. If project becomes unsuccessful and remains incomplete, means and resources get wasted. Certain standard and measurement should be adopted for preventing waste of time, means and resources.
 Generally it becomes impossible to operate project by a person, or organization or only government. In such situation, participation of all concerned is necessary for the success of project. The following conditions should be maintained for the successful operation of any project.
  1. Identification of objectives
  2. Proper social environment
  3. Management of financial resources
  4. Suitable political environment
  5. Able leadership
  6. Proper organization structure
  7. Clear policy
  8. People’s participation
  9. Coordination
  1. Identification of objective
At first, proper as well as correct objectives should be identified to make a project better, proper and contextual. Other conditions are determined on the basis of the objectives. If the objective is wrong, the other possesses cannot be carried out in a fruitful manner. So, objectives should be scientifically identified so that the target group is benefited.
  1. Proper social environment
Proper social environment is necessary to lunch any development project. The projects formed according to the social environment become easy to complete. If any new projects are to be operated, people should be made familiar to the project through public awareness or any other media. In the situation if those for whom the project is to be operated are unknown about the project becomes unsuccessful.
  1. Management of financial resources
Sufficient financial resources are necessary for operation of any project. Only then operation of the project runs smoothly; otherwise it becomes difficult to achieve the objectives of the project.
  1. Suitable political environment
                                         Political environment should be suitable for the success of any project. In the situation if there is favorable as well as stable political environment, the leadership of the project also remains stable. This increases responsibility. This brings regularity continuity in the operation. Project becomes complete and target group gets benefits fruit of the project.
  1. Able leadership
                                    Certain persons, group of persons or organization should be given responsibility to operate any project. They should be sincere, efficient and dedicated to fulfill their responsibility. They become interested to discharge their responsibility. If they are careful in utilization means and resources, they become successful to achieve the objective even by utilizing limited resources. For this, the leadership should be well informed about various aspects of the project, able to adopt flexibility according to situation and should be efficient.
  1. Proper organization structure
                                    Certain organizational structure is necessary for successful completion of any project. If organizational structure is trimmed and efficient, responsibility can be discharged within shorter time. Resource mobilization becomes dynamic. The people become active in each phase of the project becomes successful.
  1. Clear policy
                                 A project is operated on the basis of certain policy. The policy on the basis or standard of operation should be clear and free of dispute. If the policy is dubious and unclear, there comes crisis in mobilization of means and resources. So, clear and dispute free policy should be formed in operating any project.
  1. Peoples’ participation
                                  A project is operated in order to meet the needs of the people of certain community. Its success depends on their participation. Difficulties gradually diminish, if they are actively involved in the project. This makes possible to achieve the set objectives as the people themselves become effortful to solve any problem if appeared in the process of operation of any project.
  1. Coordination
                        Rural people have various necessities. All such necessities can be fulfilled at time through any single project. Different projects need to be operated. If there is only one target group, coordinated method should be applied. If coordination is maintained between different projects, people participation increases. Resources and means are properly utilized. Proper division of work becomes possible. Problems that may arise in course of operation may be properly solved in time. As a result, project becomes successful to reach its goal.

Operation of any project is a complex task. It is necessary to be careful in operating any projects so that both long and short-term objectives can be achieved. Similarly, projects should be operated keeping in mind the rural complexities. Demands of rural people are uncountable. Effort should be made to fulfill them. All the elements effecting directly or indirectly should be made favorable for the success of the project.



                                               


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